Rajendra Dhar
POLICE WATCH INDIA (Regd. NGO).
WHAT IS RATIONALITY?
“THE VIRTUE OF RATIONALITY MEANS THE RECOGNITION AND ACCEPTANCE OF REASON AS ONE’S ONLY SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE, ONE’S ONLY JUDGE OF VALUES AND ONE’S ONLY GUIDE TO ACTION. … IT MEANS A COMMITMENT TO THE PRINCIPLE THAT ALL OF ONE’S CONVICTIONS, VALUES, GOALS, DESIRES AND ACTIONS MUST BE BASED ON, DERIVED FROM, CHOSEN AND VALIDATED BY A PROCESS OF THOUGHT.” – AYN RAND
THE FIRST VIRTUE IS CURIOSITY.
A burning itch to know is higher than a solemn vow to pursue truth. To feel the burning itch of curiosity requires both that you be ignorant, and that you desire to relinquish your ignorance. If in your heart you believe you already know, or if in your heart you do not wish to know, then your questioning will be purposeless and your skills without direction. Curiosity seeks to annihilate itself; there is no curiosity that does not want an answer. The glory of glorious mystery is to be solved, after which it ceases to be mystery.
THE SECOND VIRTUE IS RELINQUISHMENT.
P. C. Hodgell said: “That which can be destroyed by the truth should be.” Do not flinch from experiences that might destroy your beliefs. The thought you cannot think controls you more than thoughts you speak aloud. Submit yourself to ordeals and test yourself in fire. Relinquish the emotion which rests upon a mistaken belief, and seek to feel fully that emotion which fits the facts.
THE THIRD VIRTUE IS LIGHTNESS.
Let the winds of evidence blow you about as though you are a leaf, with no direction of your own. Beware lest you fight a rearguard retreat against the evidence, grudgingly conceding each foot of ground only when forced, feeling cheated. Surrender to the truth as quickly as you can. Do this the instant you realize what you are resisting; the instant you can see from which quarter the winds of evidence are blowing against you. Be faithless to your cause and betray it to a stronger enemy. If you regard evidence as a constraint and seek to free yourself, you sell yourself into the chains of your whims.
THE FOURTH VIRTUE IS EVENNESS.
One who wishes to believe says, “Does the evidence permit me to believe?” One who wishes to disbelieve asks, “Does the evidence force me to believe?” Beware lest you place huge burdens of proof only on propositions you dislike, and then defend yourself by saying: “But it is good to be skeptical.” If you attend only to favourable evidence, picking and choosing from your gathered data, then the more data you gather, the less you know. If you are selective about which arguments you inspect for flaws, or how hard you inspect for flaws, then every flaw you learn how to detect makes you that much stupider. If you first write at the bottom of a sheet of paper, “And therefore, the sky is green!”, it does not matter what arguments you write above it afterward; the conclusion is already written, and it is already correct or already wrong. To be clever in argument is not rationality but rationalization. Intelligence, to be useful, must be used for something other than defeating itself. Listen to hypotheses as they plead their cases before you, but remember that you are not a hypothesis, you are the judge. Therefore do not seek to argue for one side or another, for if you knew your destination, you would already be there.
THE FIFTH VIRTUE IS ARGUMENT.
Those who wish to fail must first prevent their friends from helping them. Those who smile wisely and say: “I will not argue” remove themselves from help, and withdraw from the communal effort. In argument strive for exact honesty, for the sake of others and also yourself: The part of yourself that distorts what you say to others also distorts your own thoughts. Do not believe you do others a favour if you accept their arguments; the favour is to you. Do not think that fairness to all sides means balancing yourself evenly between positions; truth is not handed out in equal portions before the start of a debate. You cannot move forward on factual questions by fighting with fists or insults. Seek a test that lets reality judge between you.
THE SIXTH VIRTUE IS EMPIRICISM.
The roots of knowledge are in observation and its fruit is prediction. What tree grows without roots? What tree nourishes us without fruit? If a tree falls in a forest and no one hears it, does it make a sound? One says, “Yes it does, for it makes vibrations in the air.” Another says, “No it does not, for there is no auditory processing in any brain.” Though they argue, one saying “Yes”, and one saying “No”, the two do not anticipate any different experience of the forest. Do not ask which beliefs to profess, but which experiences to anticipate. Do not be blinded by words. When words are subtracted, anticipation remains.
THE SEVENTH VIRTUE IS SIMPLICITY.
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry said: “Perfection is achieved not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away.” Simplicity is virtuous in belief, design, planning, and justification. When you profess a huge belief with many details, each additional detail is another chance for the belief to be wrong. Each specification adds to your burden; if you can lighten your burden you must do so. There is no straw that lacks the power to break your back.
THE EIGHTH VIRTUE IS HUMILITY.
To be humble is to take specific actions in anticipation of your own errors. To confess your fallibility and then do nothing about it is not humble; it is boasting of your modesty. Who are most humble? Those who most skillfully prepare for the deepest and most catastrophic errors in their own beliefs and plans. Because this world contains many whose grasp of rationality is abysmal, beginning students of rationality win arguments and acquire an exaggerated view of their own abilities. But it is useless to be superior: Life is not graded on a curve.
THE NINTH VIRTUE IS PERFECTIONISM.
The more errors you correct in yourself, the more you notice. As your mind becomes more silent, you hear more noise. When you notice an error in yourself, this signals your readiness to seek advancement to the next level. If you tolerate the error rather than correcting it, you will not advance to the next level and you will not gain the skill to notice new errors. In every art, if you do not seek perfection you will halt before taking your first steps. If perfection is impossible that is no excuse for not trying. Hold yourself to the highest standard you can imagine, and look for one still higher. Do not be content with the answer that is almost right; seek one that is exactly right.
THE TENTH VIRTUE IS PRECISION.
One comes and says: The quantity is between 1 and 100. Another says: the quantity is between 40 and 50. If the quantity is 42 they are both correct, but the second prediction was more useful and exposed itself to a stricter test. What is true of one apple may not be true of another apple; thus more can be said about a single apple than about all the apples in the world. The narrowest statements slice deepest, the cutting edge of the blade. Do not walk to the truth, but dance. On each and every step of that dance your foot comes down in exactly the right spot. Each piece of evidence shifts your beliefs by exactly the right amount, neither more nor less. What is exactly the right amount? To calculate this you must study probability theory. Even if you cannot do the math, knowing that the math exists tells you that the dance step is precise and has no room in it for your whims.
THE ELEVENTH VIRTUE IS SCHOLARSHIP.
Study many sciences and absorb their power as your own. Each field that you consume makes you larger. If you swallow enough sciences the gaps between them will diminish and your knowledge will become a unified whole. If you are gluttonous you will become vaster than mountains. It is especially important to eat math and science which impinges upon rationality: Evolutionary psychology, heuristics and biases, social psychology, probability theory, decision theory. But these cannot be the only fields you study. The Art must have a purpose other than itself, or it collapses into infinite recursion.
THE TWELFTH VIRTUE IS EXPERIENCING THE VOID.
The twelfth virtue NEEDS A CERTAIN LEVEL OF SPIRITUALISM TO Experience the same hence not enunciated herein.
THE CONSEQUENCE TO ACTING IRRATIONALLY IS THAT IT UNDERMINES ONE’S ABILITY TO ACT RATIONALLY IN THE FUTURE. BY CHOOSING TO ACT IRRATIONALLY, YOU ARE CONFESSING YOUR LACK OF TRUST IN YOUR OWN MIND. THE MORE OFTEN YOU DO THIS, THE MORE YOU WILL BELIEVE WHAT YOU ARE PRACTICING. YOU WILL ACCEPT THAT THE MIND IS IMPOTENT, AND THAT YOU CANNOT MAKE THE RIGHT DECISIONS. THIS UNDERCUTS YOUR ABILITY TO LIVE, SINCE REASON IS MAN’S MEANS OF SURVIVAL.
